Questions and Answers: The Catcher in the Rye Essay

1.What occurred toward the start, center, and end? 2.Who are the characters in the story, and how right? Holden Caulfield †The hero and storyteller of the novel, Holden is a sixteen-year-old junior who has quite recently been ousted for scholarly disappointment from a school called Pencey Prep. In spite of the fact that he is savvy and touchy, Holden describes in a pessimistic and tainted voice. He finds the false reverence and grotesqueness of his general surroundings practically insufferable, and through his negativity he attempts to shield himself from the agony and frustration of the grown-up world. Nonetheless, the reactions that Holden focuses on individuals around him are additionally focused on himself. He is awkward with his own shortcomings, and now and again shows as much phoniness, ugliness, and triviality as any other person in the book. As the novel opens, Holden stands balanced on the precipice isolating youth from adulthood. His failure to effectively arrange the gorge leaves him very nearly enthusiastic breakdown. Ackley †Holden’s nearby neighbor in his dormitory at Pencey Prep. Ackley is a pimply, shaky kid with horrendous dental cleanliness. He frequently bursts into Holden’s room and acts totally careless in regards to Holden’s insights that he should leave. Holden accepts that Ackley makes up expand lies about his sexual experience. Stradlater †Holden’s flat mate at Pencey Prep. Stradlater is attractive, vain, and famous, yet Holden considers him a â€Å"secret slob,† in light of the fact that he shows up very much prepped, yet his toiletries, for example, his razor, are disgustingly unclean. Stradlater is explicitly dynamic and very experienced for a private academy understudy, which is the reason Holden likewise considers him a â€Å"sexy bastard.† Jane Gallagher †A young lady with whom Holden invested a great deal of energy one summer, when their families remained in neighboring summer houses in Maine. Jane never really shows up in The Catcher in the Rye, yet she is critical to Holden, in light of the fact that she is one of only a handful not many young ladies whom he the two regards and finds alluring. Phoebe Caulfield †Phoebe is Holden’s ten-year-old sister, whom he adores beyond a reasonable doubt. In spite of the fact that she is six years more youthful than Holden, she tunes in to what he says and comprehends him more than most others do. Phoebe is astute, perfect, and a great artist, and her silly guiltlessness is one of Holden’s just predictable wellsprings of joy all through the novel. On occasion, she displays extraordinary development and even reprimands Holden for his adolescence. Like Mr. Antolini, Phoebe appears to perceive that Holden is the cause all his own problems. Peruse an inside and out investigation of Phoebe Caulfield. Allie Caulfield †Holden’s more youthful sibling. Allie bites the dust of leukemia three years before the beginning of the novel. Allie was a splendid, well disposed, red-made a beeline for Holden, he was the sharpest of the Caulfields. Holden is tormented by Allie’s demise and hauls around a mitt on which Allie used to compose sonnets in green ink. Sally Hayes †An exceptionally alluring young lady whom Holden has known and dated for quite a while. In spite of the fact that Sally is all around read, Holden claims that she is â€Å"stupid,† in spite of the fact that it is hard to tell whether this judgment is situated in actuality or simply in Holden’s inner conflict about being explicitly pulled in to her. She is absolutely more traditional than Holden in her preferences and habits. Mr. Spencer †Holden’s history instructor at Pencey Prep, who ineffectively attempts to shake Holden out of his scholastic unresponsiveness. Carl Luce †An understudy at Columbia who was Holden’s understudy counselor at the Whooton School. Luce is three years more established than Holden and has a lot of sexual experience. At Whooton, he was a wellspring of information about sex for the more youthful young men, and Holden attempts to get him to discuss sex at their gathering. Mr. Antolini †Holden’s previous English instructor at the Elkton Hills School. Mr. Antolini now educates at New York University. He is youthful, astute, thoughtful, and amiable, and Holden regards him. Holden now and then discovers him a piece excessively cunning, however he seeks him for direction. In the same way as other characters in the novel, he drinks vigorously. Peruse an inside and out examination of Mr. Antolini. Maurice †The lift administrator at the Edmont Hotel, who secures a whore for Holden. Radiant †The whore whom Holden employs through Maurice. She is one of various ladies in the book with whom Holden awkwardly endeavors to associate. D. B. Caulfield †Holden’s more seasoned sibling. D. B. composed a volume of short stories that Holden appreciates without question, however Holden feels that D. B. whores his abilities by composing for Hollywood films. 3.Which ones changed? Clarify how the characters that changed. 4.Which ones remained the same? 5.What is the setting of the story? Does it stay consistent? If not, list all settings. 6.What impact does the setting have on the story? (In the event that you changed the setting, how might the story change?)  · Holden starts his story in Pennsylvania, at his previous school, Pencey Prep. He at that point describes his undertakings in New York City 7.If you needed to give this story an alternate a title, what might it be and why? 8.Find one spot in the content where the creator utilizes language in a fascinating manner. Clarify why it is intriguing.

20 Microbiology Dissertation Topics

20 Microbiology Dissertation Topics Beforehand, we talked about 10 realities for paper on microbiology in our first guide on this point. We’re sure that these realities probably permitted you to get a handle on some solid data on microbiology, on which you can begin composing right away. To make things simpler, we have included two additional aides for you. In this second guide you’re going to get to know 20 microbiology thesis points pertinent to microbiology. This will help you recorded as a hard copy your postulation as you won't need to scratch your head looking for thoughts. Numerous understudies just don’t realize where to begin, which is the reason these subjects can prove to be useful. Besides, we have additionally incorporated a short example thesis exposition. This example exposition would permit you to realize how a thesis is organized. We have additionally expressed a few references to assist you with discovering more data on a particular point on the off chance that you choose to pick it for your paper. After you’re done perusing this guide, we enthusiastically prescribe you to peruse the last guide, how to compose a decent exposition on microbiology, which would assist you with creating a heavenly thesis paper. Right away let’s focus on our subjects: A Microbiological Analysis of Shea Butter Sold in Washington, US A Dissertation Paper on Tapeworms and The Dangers Associated With Them A Microbiological Characterization of Ebola Virus The Spreading of Influenza in World War II and its Effects on the War Cell Microbiology: The Use of Restriction-Modification (R-M) The Clinical Outcomes of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infections Applied Microbiology: How Microorganisms can Generate BioFuels The Aetiological Agent of Johnes Disease: Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis otherwise known as MAP †The Most Important Bacterial Pathogen in Ruminants How the Study of Microorganisms Has Prevented Life-Threatening Diseases The Important Role of Microbiology in Pharmaceutical and Food Industries The Invention of Microscope and the Impact on How we Know Microbiology A Dissertation Paper on the Fermentation of Starch and The Activities and Specificities of Enzymes in it A Study on Microorganisms Found in Onions The Correlation of Malaria and Some Species of Plasmodium (a Microorganism) A Study in Microbiology: The Diagnoses of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) A Study on Bacterias that can Withstand One of the Most Powerful Antimicrobial (Antibiotics) without Hassle A Microbiological Study on the Effects of Obesity on Patients with High Blood Pressure A Microbiological Study on How Yogurts are Commercially Prepared in New York A Dissertation Paper on Wetland Bacteria, its Properties, and its Functionalities A Thorough Research and Study on Cyanophycin: a Bacterial Polymer There you have it! These subjects without a doubt have opened up your psyche towards composing your exposition paper. To make things considerably simpler, we have picked one of the points referenced above, to give you a short paper test exposition, so you can have a significant smart thought on how it’s organized: Test Essay on the Invention of Microscopes around 1590 that Opened a Whole New World of Microorganisms For longer than a centuries, people could see nothing littler than the thickness of their hair, until around the 1590, when the magnifying lens was concocted. Through this pioneer instrument, people had the option to see recently shrouded universe of microorganisms †living in nourishments we eat, water we drink and even the air we breath in. In any case, there is an issue in the history itself; Nobody knows without a doubt who designed the magnifying instrument, however there are three prodigies, who are referenced as the creators of this unbelievable instrument: Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen. These two splendid designers are referred to have filled in as a dad child group. In any case, there is a third name too. Numerous history specialists guarantee the designer to be the popular Hans Lippershey, known for recording the principal patent for a telescope. Coincidently, the Janssens were living in a similar town where Lippershey was living in. Nonetheless, the letters of Dutch Diplomat William Borrell, at first sent to the doctor of French King, expressed that Zacharias Janssen discussed the magnifying lens. Be that as it may, it was just talking, and the innovation was truly observed a very long time after. At the hour of the letter, which was in the mid 1590s, Zacharias was additionally a young person, so the students of history contend about that as well. By and by, whoever created this instrument, made a magnificent showing. The principal magnifying instrument was a noteworthy achievement, yet it required enhancements that were acquired gratitude to the names like Galileo, Robert Hooke, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Koch, Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll. In any case, the right time when magnifying instruments developed was in the start of the 21st century when Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll created the electron magnifying lens, which is currently utilized around the world. This specific focal point could resolve questions that were littler than the frequency of noticeable light, which had become the hindrance of past magnifying lens. The electron magnifying instrument has altered the investigation of smaller scale living beings. Today, an assortment of magnifying instruments can be found in labs, including however not constrained to: reflecting magnifying instruments, bright magnifying instruments, confocal magnifying lens, stage differentiate magnifying instruments, and even some advanced magnifying lens that can show a solitary iota. In basic words, the creation of magnifying lens didn’t just offer ascent to the investigation of microorganisms, which we call microbiology, yet it additionally altered different parts of science and had helped researchers in looking into and building up their hypotheses. Because of the creation of magnifying instrument, microbiologists would now be able to make sense of which microscopic organisms are really required for human endurance and which are most certainly not. Using a magnifying instrument, microbiologists can likewise see how pathogens (the destructive microscopic organisms) work, and how this type of microorganisms can be securely eradicated. Because of this advancement, we are making new achievements in the realm of medication and have destroyed a few sicknesses from the substance of this world. We are additionally dealing with solutions for disease and HIV because of these innovative progressions. Amazing! Presently you have the subjects, just as an example exposition to give you a head start in forming your thesis paper. Let’s head on to our last manual for become more acquainted with how a paper is really composed and organized. References: Mouton, J. M., Helaine, S., Holden, D. W., Sampson, S. L. (2016). Clarifying populace wide mycobacterial replication elements at the single-cell level. Microbiology. Drancourt, M., Michel-Lepage, A., Boyer, S., Raoult, D. (2016). The Point-of-Care Laboratory in Clinical Microbiology. Clinical microbiology audits, 29(3), 429-447. Nunes-Alves, C. (2016). Applied microbiology: Shining a light on biofuels. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 14(2), 63-63. Attar, N. (2016). Cell microbiology: Damage confinement after amicable fire. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 14(3), 130-130. Rathnaiah, G., Bannantine, J. P., Bayles, D. O., Zinniel, D. K., Stabel, J. R., Grã ¶hn, Y. T., Barletta, R. G. (2016). Investigation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis freak libraries uncovers loci-subordinate transposition predispositions and procedures for novel freak disclosure. Microbiology, 162(4), 633-641. Forchhammer, K., Watzer, B. (2016). Microbiology Comment. Microbiology, 162(5), 727-729.

Anatomy 101 The Four Parts of a Book Review

Anatomy 101 The Four Parts of a Book Review On Tuesday, The Millions posted an interesting essay by Darryl Campbell called “Is This Book Bad, or Is It Just Me? The Anatomy of Book Reviews” that I’ve spent some time thinking about. While I was initially ready to dismiss the piece thanks to an unnecessarily snide and dismissive dig at the world of amaetur (or whatever word you’d like to use) reviews, I actually found Campbell’s anatomy of a book review helpful in thinking through how I write about books and what I hope to learn when I read a book review. First, let’s get the little dig out of the way. In the midst of setting up his purpose with the essay to offer a suggestion of what book reviews should be rather than what they shouldn’t Campbell makes this remark about the general state of book criticism: So I think we can all agree that A) the “book review” is a prestigious class of writing that people aspire to write, and B) there is a continuum of, shall we say, critical perceptiveness â€" what in the pre-everyone-gets-a-trophy age we might call “value” or “quality” â€" on which the multiple-thousand-word, tightly-argued essays of the New York/London/L.A. Review of Books reside at one end, and the rapid reactions of John Q. Tumblr reside at the other. (By the way, I don’t want to suggest that there is something philosophically corrupt or intrinsically wrong about the latter, or that just because something is edited and not self-published, it is automatically better than a blog post. Advanced degrees, journalistic credentials, and/or getting published in hard copy is not a guarantee that a book review is any good. ) Honestly if Campbell really didn’t want to suggest that John Q. Tumblr’s reviews were less than reviews in a mainstream publication, he wouldn’t have made that comment. The implication, even before getting to the dissection of a book review, is that reviews on blogs are less valuable than mainstream criticism even though, as we’ll soon see, there’s nothing in the anatomy of a book review that Campbell suggests that a blogger/Goodreads/Tumblr reviewer couldn’t achieve if that were their goal. So lay off the insults, okay? However, if you can get past that little digression, Campbell’s piece makes a lot of sense. After analyzing many book reviews (most or all of which are from mainstream sources), Campbell suggests four elements of criticism: reaction, summary, aesthetic appraisal and historical appraisal. The first two are rather clear, I think, and are often the basic questions of a review what did you think of the book, and what was the book about? After that, a review can reach for the next elements: giving the book a deeper critique while teaching the review reader something we didn’t know before (aesthetic appraisal) and setting the book within the greater world of literature (historical appraisal). Campbell goes into each of these qualities in more depth in his piece, which I encourage you to go read. This is also the point at which I think Campbell wants to make his distinction on the quality of reviews/reviewers (without actually coming out and saying it again). It’s relatively easy to tell readers what a book is about and whether you liked it; it’s harder to situate the book in comparison to other books or read the book like an expert in the topic and give it a strong critique. However, neither of those things are impossible for John Q. Tumblr, nor are they restricted to the format that Mr. Tumblr chooses to write in. While a site like Goodreads caters itself to reviews that achieve the first and second elements (with starred ratings, shelving, and space for writing reviews), it doesn’t mean Campbell’s four-part reviews couldn’t be there. The fact that they often aren’t is, I would think, more a result of the fact that readers as consumers care less about those questions and more about information that will tell them if a book is worth spending their time and money on. Still, I think it’s a book review anatomy that is achievable and could be useful for reviewers of all levels of “critical perceptiveness,” if we think about the ideas of aesthetic and historical perceptiveness more broadly than Campbell does in his essay. Every person who reads widely and thoughtfully can place a new book in relation to others when they write or talk about it, or comment on whether the arguments of a new book mesh with the facts of our lived experience. Despite a questionable opening volley, Campbell has managed to pull out a useful set of criteria to consider as more readers to become reviewers. But I’m curious what you all think what do you look for in a book review? Are there uses for aesthetic and historical appraisals? What kind of “expertise” or background does a reviewer need to make those assessments? Is there a quality in book reviews you look for that Campbell missed? Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

The Ballad of the Sad Cafe - 46714 Words

The Ballad of the Sad Cafà © and Other Stories by Carson McCullers Back Cover: When she was only twenty-three her first novel, The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter, created a literary sensation. She is very special, one of America s superlative writers who conjures up a vision of existence as terrible as it is real, who takes us on shattering voyages into the depths of the spiritual isolation that underlies the human condition. A grotesque human triangle in a primitive Southern town. . . A young boy learning the difficult lessons of manhood. . . A fateful encounter with his native land and former love. . . These are parts of the world of Carson McCullers -- a world of the lost, the injured, the eternal strangers at life s feast. Here†¦show more content†¦The owner of the place was Miss Amelia Evans. But the person most responsible for the success and gaiety of the place was a hunchback called Cousin Lymon. One other person had a part in the story of this cafà © -- he was the former husband of Miss Amelia, a terrible character who returned to the town after a long term in the penitentiary, caused ruin, and then went on his way again. The cafà © has long since been closed, but it is still remembered. The place was not always a cafà ©. Miss Amelia inherited the building from her father, and it was a store that carried mostly feed, guano, and staples such as meal and snuff. Miss Amelia was rich. In addition to the store she operated a still three miles back in the swamp, and ran out the best liquor in the county. She was a dark, tall woman with bones and muscles like a man. Her hair was cut short and brushed back from the forehead, and there was about her sunburned face a tense, haggard quality. She might have been a handsome woman if, even then, she was not slightly cross-eyed. There were those who would have courted her, but Miss Amelia cared nothing for the love of men and was a solitary person. Her marriage had been unlike any other marriage ever contracted in this county -- it was a strange and dangerous marriage, lasting only for ten days, that left the whole town wondering and shocked. Except for this queer marriage, MissShow MoreRelatedThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe779 Words   |  4 Pages2/16/14 The Ballad of the Sad Cafà ©, by Carson McCullers, is the story which takes in a small town in Georgia. The town is a dreary place, where not much happens, but in the story we read of love and betrayal which develops between the main characters of Miss Amelia, Cousin Lymon, and Marvin Macy. The cafà © was a product of love, and the site of betrayal. Miss Amelia develops a love interest in Cousin Lymon. The origins of Cousin Lymon are unknown, but he is a small hunchback who enters the townRead More The Ballad Of The Sad Cafe Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesThe Ballad Of The Sad Cafe Throughout the novel The Ballad Of The Sad Cafe by Carson McCullers, there is an evident recurring theme. Ever-present in the story is a feeling of unrequited love, illustrated through looking at the parallels of the intertwined relationships between three separate individuals. Miss Amelia Evans, Cousin Lymon Willis, and Marvin Macy, are the players involved in this grotesque love triangle. The feelings they respectively have for each other are what drivesRead MoreAnalysis Of Ballad Of The Sad Cafe982 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The Ballad of the Sad Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬  by Carson McCullers is a story about a town and its relationship with its cafà ©. Specifically, how the town’s people and Miss Amelia is before, during, and after the cafà © opens. The cafà © itself is not sad, because the town’s people have harmony and community when it is open. When it is open Miss Amelia becomes more joyful and the town’s people becomes social with one another. What makes the cafà © sad is that the town’s people go back to the way they were before the cafà ©Read MoreThemes In The Ballad Of The Sad Cafe770 Words   |  4 PagesI n the story â€Å"The Ballad of the Sad Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬  by Carson McCullers takes place in a small, south side town. In it, there are three main characters; Miss Amelia, Marvin Macy, and Cousin Lymon. Some of the themes and characteristics you’ll find in this story are friendship, love triangle, revenge, gender issues, loneliness, and isolation. The love triangle is between all three main characters; Marvin Macy falls in love with Miss Amelia, Miss Amelia falls in love with Cousin Lymon, and Cousin Lymon fallsRead MoreThe Heart Is A Lonely Hunter Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesthe fate of John Henry West, and Bernice Sadie Brown’s future plans. She started her next major work, â€Å"THE BALLAD OF THE SAD CAFɆ, which was first published in Harper’s Bazaar in 1943. In this story, McCullers wrote about a love triangle in a small southern town, and some consider this to be one of her best works. Edward Albee dramatized her novella The Ballad of the Sad Cafà © in 1963, an adaptation which McCullers encouraged but which she found disappointing. While she had divorced herRead MoreEssay on Carson McCullers1148 Words   |  5 Pageshalf-dozen adult characters was an astonishing act of imaginative sympathy (Graver 586).      She is appreciated for a ``great sensitivity in describing the feelings of loneliness in both adults and teenagers (Hart 506). In her novel The Ballad of the Sad Cafà © she successfully used the darkness ``to the service of a compelling and powerful literal truth (Grave 210). She have a strong perception (feeling) of humanity in all its fears and its loneliness. She had a great understanding of peopleRead MoreNoteworthy American Writers: Carson McCullers Essay2022 Words   |  9 Pagesstories. In Ballad of a Sad Cafe there is a blend of isolation and the absence of love that consumes three characters: Amelia, Marvin, and Lymon. The novella The Members of the Wedding delves into the life of Frankie Adams an immature 12 year old who battles the trials and tribulations of her upcoming teenage years. McCullers peculiar characters writhe from loneliness and the pursuit of love that is recognized by the reader with deep compassion. The novella Ballad of a Sad Cafà © exemplifiesRead MoreThe Is A Freak By Jake Blount1378 Words   |  6 Pagesmost suitable medium because through this, she draws an alienated and tragic world of characters who demonstrate physical as well as psychological grotesqueness. Carson McCullers continues her art of grotesque in her other novels too. The Ballad of the Sad Cafà © is one of the most important grotesque characters McCullers created and it is generally agreed that Amelia’s grotesque tragic tale is an indirect presentation of the novelist’s own personal life. In this autobiographical novel, she analysisRead MoreThe Contribution Of The Civil Rights Movement1226 Words   |  5 PagesOne could argue that Carson McCullers should score higher on achievements.She was an astioning author that wrote multiple popular books. She wrote â€Å" The Heart s a Lonely Hunter†, Reflections in a Golden Eye, The Member of the Wedding, The Ballad of the Sad Cafe, and Clock Without Hands, McCullers was also a playwright and a short story writer. Carson house is the writing center for CSU.CSU is one of the only universities to own two homes by a single author and now houses the world s most extensiveRead MoreThe American Of American Literature1425 Words   |  6 PagesRichard Wright is Miss McCullers’ picture of loneliness, death, accident, insanity, fear, mob violence and terror is perhaps the most desolate that has so far come from the South. Her Best known novels are: The Heart is a Lonely /Hunter, The Ballad of the Sad Cafà ©, Reflection in a Golden Eye, and The Member of the Wedding. McCullers also won awards for her adaptation of The Member of the Wedding for the Broadway stage. At the time the novel was through to suggest an anti-Fascist message. McCullers published

The Emergence Of Italian Nationalism - 1346 Words

The emergence of Italian nationalism began in the Renaissance Era and was then encouraged by key Italian figures, leading to the unification of Italy which was overall beneficial for the country. (mention benefits for Italy and how it is today) Before unification, Italy was a collection of different independent states. The Italian Wars, which went on from 1494 to 1559, were fought for the control of these Italian states by European powers. The most consistently fought over city-states in Italy were Naples, Florence, Venice, Sicily, and the Papal State of Rome. Many European powers were involved in the beginning, but soon the wars became a struggle between mainly France and Spain. While the Italian Wars were harsh on Italy, they helped to spread the Italian Renaissance throughout Western Europe. The Renaissance Era began a new way of thinking, which has been traced to the beginnings of Italian nationalism, which has contributed to the Unification of Italy. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, and in 1495 conquered Naples. When challenged by Spain, the Roman Emperor, the pope, Venice, and Milan, France was forced to retreat. Charles’ VIII successor, Louis XII had control over Milan and Genoa in 1499. The second Italian War occurred when Louis then gained control of Naples by getting permission from Pope Alexander VI, and agreeing to share it with Ferdinand V of Spain. This resulted in disagreements between France and SpainShow MoreRelatedMajor Demographic Changes in the Middle East and North Africa912 Words   |  4 PagesThe major demographic changes in the Middle East and North Africa have been the massive increase in population, and urbanization which has seen the emergence of many large cities throughout the region. The reasons for this have been because of better health care, greater mobility of the population, economic opportunities in the cities and political changes. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a number of European families started moving to the Middle East and North AfricaRead MoreEuropean Colonialism in Rwanda Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesUkrainian wheat crops to Russia, sealing Ukraine’s borders, and selling the wheat in foreign markets, selfishly expending the money to further advance his Soviet Army. In his drive to achieve prosperity for his own country now, Stalin utilized his nationalism as the foundation to build the prosperity of his empire. In the final product, an overall increased industrial output as well as development in the infrastructural sector was evident, yet nevertheless at the expense of countless lives. It was estimatedRead MoreWorld War Ii Research Report Essay1668 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II. The Rise of Totalitarianism in Italy Political changes totalitarianism and fascism in Italy during 1918. Benito Mussolini advocated a violent revolution to over throw the parliamentary monarchy within Italy and denounced nationalism. Mussolini celebrated Italy entering the war; he also noticed the dissatisfaction of many homebound soldiers focused on the Treaty of Versailles. In effort to persuade Italy into the war, Allied Powers promised Italy large portion of territorialRead Morehistory As germany and italy Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿How successful were Giolitti’s government in promoting political stability in Italy in the years 1903 -1914? Giolitti’s government was extremely unsuccessful in promoting political stability in Italy. It seemed that the Italian liberal state suffered from political divisions all over the country; this was something no other Liberal western power had experience in the years 1903 to 1914. However under the ‘political divisions’, Giolitti was trying to reform and modernise Italy during his periodsRead MoreHow Important Was the Role of Bismarck in the Unification of Germany?1625 Words   |  7 Pagesprovoked neighbouring states which led to wars of unification against: Denmark and Austria. Other factors such as the role of the Prussian military, the Zollverein and Austrian weakness all had an input in the unification of Germany, as did cultural nationalism. Bismarck’s long term aim was to unite Germany under Prussian leadership. In Prussia, King William wanted to improve his army but due to the cost of this request, the King’s plans were blocked by the Prussian Progressive Party. The King consideredRead MoreEssay on Renaissance vs Neoclassicism1295 Words   |  6 Pagesto the people’s opposition to romanticism (wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism). There are some renowned artists who made major contributions in the emergence and development of renaissance art. For instance, Michelangelo is a great and notable name in the history of art who played a vital role in the development of Renaissance art. He was an Italian painter, sculptor and poet, who adopted several unconventional styles of art and he significantly contributed to the development of western art duringRead MoreThe Age Of Uncertainty Between 1890 And 1920 s A New Movement Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pageswith the â€Å"American Dream† since its citizens first started spreading out westward in search of wealth and fame. Along with this American ideal came the concept of being un-American and not standing for what was considered â€Å"true† American. With the emergence of Populists, Progressives and Radicals came a vast difference between what was thought as American. All groups claimed to be trying to make the US a better place however each differed vastly in their ideas of going about it. 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Fig: Adolf Hitler addressing a crowd in Berlin The Soviet Union, meanwhile annexed Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Germany soon began preparations for an attack on Britain. Germany held the advantageRead MoreThe Renaissance: The Rebirth of Europe1245 Words   |  5 Pagesnorth and west across Europe for the next two centuries. Italy became the most urbanized region after the Black Death. This caused the aristocrats to live in a central urban area, making them much more involved within public affairs. This caused Italian aristocrats to become involved in commerce and could now absorb into the aristocracy. This resulted into the new found humanist education. This also contributed to why Italy was the birth place of the Renaissance. Italy was able to produce a great

Marine Insurance Free Essays

MARINE INSURANCE Marine insurance is the indemnity for the loss of cargo or damage to ships during the shipment. The risks that marine insurance covers are fire, seizures, wars, accidents or causalities which take place over the sea. The winds and waves are not included as risks in the marine insurance. We will write a custom essay sample on Marine Insurance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Indian Marine Insurance Act, 1963 is imbibed from the Marine Insurance Act, 1906. Though the Marine Insurance Act is deep in its insurance coverage, it does not provide for losses that occur while the ship is sailing the waters. This has led to the introduction of another insurance called the Marine Cargo Insurance, which provides for losses to cargo while the ship is sailing the waters. This is very beneficial to oil tankers and heavy cargo ships. Types of Marine Insurance Since Marine Insurance is very vast, it provides for various types of insurance as per the need, specification and requirement. They are: Hull  Insurance  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This insurance covers for both vessel and its apparatus such as fuel, tools, furniture, machinery etc. Freight Insurance  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This insurance usually covers for the loss of freight. If the goods are safely shifted to the destination port, the owner of goods will have to pay the freight charges but if the ship faces any damages and losses, the shipping company will be under loss. Hence this insurance becomes a necessity to the owner company Cargo Insurance- This insurance covers the personal goods of the passengers and crew of the ship. It also covers the goods that are transported. Liability Insurance  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This is the insurance which is utilized when the insured suffers losses due to liability to third party. This liability may be caused due to risks such as collision of ships or any other similar causality that may take place in voyage. Types of Marine Insurance Policies There are various types of marine insurance policies that the assured can opt for: Time Policy- This policy is taken for a time period of usually  one year Voyage Policy  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This policy coverage is given only for a particular voyage say from starting point to the destination. Mixed Policy  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ As the name suggests it is a mixture of both voyage and time policy. Valued Policy  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ In this case, an additional fixed value is mentioned in the policy itself along with the value of goods. For example, along with goods the charges can also be added such as freight charges and shipment charges. Unvalued Policy  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Here no additional charges are mentioned. It is decided after the incident after proving it. Floating Policy–This policy is beneficial to exporter who provides regular supply of goods. This policy is taken for large sum of money for numerous shipments. Other Important Pointers: * Marine insurance is available in all general insurance companies. * The insurance amount may vary from one company to another. It is important that the insured makes a note of the coverage made by the insurance companies as few companies may not cover all the losses of the shipment. * With the increasing attacks by pirates and natural calamities, it is important to have a marine insurance that takes care of the risks aboard. PROGRESSIVE INSURANCE COMPANY. What is marine insurance? Insurance against loss or damage to cargo goods and merchandise during land transit/sea vo yage/air transport from and to Cyprus. Insurance for shipments not involving Cyprus can also be provided. Prospective clients:  For all merchants, manufacturers, importers and exporters. TYPES OF POLICIES AVAILABLE Individual Policies:  One shipment of goods for one voyage I. E. â€Å"One Off† risks. Annual Policies:  Suitable for an irregular flow of business, deposit premium based on turnover, declarations at agreed intervals, annual adjustment and renewal. Permanent Open Covers:  Suitable for a regular flow of business, automatically covers all goods specified, declarations at agreed intervals, policies and premiums debited at agreed intervals. TYPES OF COVER AVAILABLE Institute cargo clauses (A):  Widest form of cover available, insures â€Å"all risks† with stated exclusions. Institute cargo clauses (B):  Restricted form of cover, insures against major accidents to carrying vessel or conveyance, can include specified additional perils. Institute cargo clauses (C):  Most restricted form of cover, insures against major accidents to carrying vessel or conveyance only. War and strike clauses:  Standard extension available   for (A), (B), and (C). Duration of cover:  Warehouse to warehouse during ordinary course of transit. Rates:  Individually assessed on merit, no tariffs other than war risks and overage of vessel. For commercial goods the sale contract governs the needs of sellers and buyers for insurance. How to cite Marine Insurance, Papers

Your Career Essays - Chitto Harjo, Muscogee People,

Your Career Business Communication Term Paper Your Career July 20, 1999 I do not know that anyone chooses a career in life. It seems that fate or certain outside forces influences the decisions you make in life. These forces change your life from one career to the next until you end up in your retirement years looking back on your life thinking of the what ifs. I guess I have to open the topic of my paper My Career with me in my teens because my life has turned direction several times since then. Originally I had my heart set on a football career. I was fairly good at it playing both offensive and defensive positions. Unfortunately the outside sources that changed my budding career involved a tractor on my Uncles farm one summer in my junior year. The tractor won and I lost some movement in my knee for about three years. Needless to say my career was over. A few years later I entered college and found a desire to become an oceanographer. I have always lived near the water and interested in the ocean, the life under it, and the secrets it holds. If I remember correctly the outside force that ended this career was my own failure in following some strict study habits. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute informed me that they accepted only 3.0 grade point average and above. Another outside force at this time was the draft and the Viet Nam War. I ended up entering the Navy and was sure that I had found the career of my lifetime. I had finally found a career where I excelled. I was happy, enjoyed the professionalism, the freedom and authority that I possessed. This new career fit well with my character and what I wanted to do with my life. I trained people, helped them, watched them succeed and grow. What more could I ask for, the military had a certain form of excitement not shared by any other profession in the world. The places I traveled if duplicated would take a lifetime of trying, the experience, the honor of serving my country, all with an adequate wage scale. The outside forces that ended this career path in the Navy would fill a volume. To keep this long story in perspective and within the confines of this assignment, it is easier to conclude that the Navy became a job and not an adventure. Three crashes, a divorce, and plethora of other smaller forces led to the decision to retire prematurely from the military and return to my home in Syracuse, New York where my family was. My family, the knowledge of the area, the need for some family psychological support led me back to Syracuse. After a few months of needed rest, I ventured into the job market, interviewed at a few places that either said I was over qualified or not qualified enough. I finally fell back on my electronics background and selected a position with a local Security Company repairing their systems, and installing them. During my interview process the interviewer indicated that my abilities would fit better with as a customer service representative or manager. They also held the carrot in front of me and said that when the positions became available they would call on me to fill one of them. A year passed with no advancement, no benefits, and no calls from the front office for these better jobs. I found myself looking for a better position in life. Still within the industry I selected a larger firm with benefits, higher rate of pay, and with the still promised positions of customer service or management. With this company they kept their word and called on me to fill a customer service position with in the first year there. My career in Security was starting in fashion and with a renewed sense of worth I excelled. I met their challenge and exceeded their expectations finishing what they had asked me to do in a record time frame but what where they going to do with me. The only logical solution they saw was to offer me a position as a sales representative. About five years later and with scores of

UPWARD MOBILITY PROGRAM essays

UPWARD MOBILITY PROGRAM essays The Upward Mobility Program is an important vehicle for placement of women, minorities, and people with disabilities into such governmental positions where these people are under represented. The purpose of the Upward Mobility Program are to provide the means through which the capabilities of participants are increased to their fullest. Some other goals of the Upward Mobility Program are given below: 1. It provides employees opportunities to for different career positions through planned on-the-job and formal training. 2. It helps in increasing employee morale. 3. It attempts to obtain maximum use of available skills to meet current 4. It provides employees opportunities for development and advancement within and across occupational compositions. 5. It offers several means for lower level employees to gain entry into 6. It provides training to employees to prepare them to function effectively in a developmental position and provide the employee with increased knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform the targeted duties. Importance of the Topic for Society or the Scientists The topic is important because it deals with the issue of the affirmative action and asks the question of what it is supposed to achieve and how it is supposed to achieve its objectives. It also provides a picture of the current public workforce. If hiring processes in public works were unbiased, and opportunities were evenly available to all citizens, workforces in general would naturally reflect the racial and sexual characteristics of the society. However, most workforces in different professions do not signify an even makeup of the society. Equality in profession and workforces is still a dream. Without providing some remedies and opportunities, these inequalities are likely to grow. Therefore, use of affirmative action has proven to ...

Zulu War Vocabulary

Zulu War Vocabulary The following is a list of common Zulu terms relevant to Zulu war culture and especially the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Zulu War Vocabulary isAngoma (plural: izAngoma): diviner, in contact with ancestral spirits, witch doctor.iBandla (plural: amaBandla): tribal council, assembly, and the members thereof.iBandhla imhlope (plural: amaBandhla amhlope): a white assembly, a married regiment which was still required to attend all the kings musters, rather than live in semi-retirement.iBeshu (plural: amaBeshu): calf-skin flap covering the buttocks, part of the basic umutsha costume.umBhumbluzo (plural: abaBhumbuluzo): Shorter war shield introduced by Cetshwayo in the 1850s during the civil war against Mbuyazi. Only 3.5 feet long compared to the longer traditional war shield, isihlangu, which measures t least 4 foot.iButho (plural: amaButho): regiment (or guild) of Zulu warriors, based on age-group. Sub-divided into amaviyo.isiCoco (plural: iziCoco): married Zulus headring made from binding a ring of fibre into the hair, coated in a mixture of charcoal and gum, and polished with beeswax. It was a common practice to share part or all of the rest of the head to accentuate the presence of the isicoco - although this varied from one Zulu to the next, and shaving the hair not a required part of a warriors costume. inDuna (plural: izinDuna): a state official appointed by the king, or by a local chief. Also commander of group of warriors. Various levels of responsibility occurred, rank would be indicated by the amount of personal decoration – see inGxotha, isiQu.isiFuba (plural: iziFuba): the chest, or centre, of the traditional Zulu attack formation.isiGaba (plural: iziGaba): a group of related amaviyo within a single ibutho.isiGodlo (plural: iziGodlo): the king, or a chiefs, residence found at the upper end of his homestead. Also the term for the women in the kings household.inGxotha (plural: izinGxotha): heavy brass arm-band awarded for by the Zulu king for outstanding service or bravery.isiHlangu (plural: iziHlangu): traditional large war shield, approximately 4 foot long.isiJula (plural: iziJula): short-bladed throwing spear, used in battle.iKhanda (plural: amaKhanda): military barracks where an ibutho was stationed, bequested to the regiment by the king.umKhonto (plural: imiKhonto): general term for a spear. umKhosi (plural: imiKhosi): first fruits ceremony, held annually.umKhumbi (plural: imiKhumbi): an assembly (of men) held in a circle.isiKhulu (plural: iziKhulu): literally great one, a high ranking warrior, decorated for bravery and service, or an important person in the Zulu hierarchy, a member of a council of elders.iKlwa (plural: amaKlwa): Shakan stabbing-spear, otherwise known as an assegai.iMpi (plural: iziMpi): Zulu army, and word meaning war.isiNene (plural: iziNene): twisted strips of either civet, green monkey (insamango), or genet fur hanging as tails in front of the genitals as part of the umutsha.. Senior ranked warriors would have a multi-coloured isinene made from two or more different furs twisted together.iNkatha (plural: iziNkatha): the sacred grass coil, a symbol of the Zulu nation.umNcedo (plural: abaNcedo): plaited grass sheath used to cover male genitals. Most basic form of Zulu costume.iNsizwa (plural: iziNsizwa): unmarried Zulu, a young man. Youth was a term re lated to lack of marital status rather than actual age. umNtwana (plural: abaNtwana): Zulu prince, member of the Royal house and son of the king.umNumzane (plural: abaNumzane): the headman of a homestead.iNyanga (plural: iziNyanga): traditional herbal doctor, medicine man.isiPhapha (plural: iziPhapha): throwing-spear, usually with a short, broad blade, used for hunting game.uPhaphe (plural: oPhaphe): feathers used to decorate the headdress:iNdwa: the Blue Crane, has long (roughly 8 inches), graceful slate-grey tail feathers. Single feather used at front of umqhele headress, or one placed either side. Mainly used by higher ranking warriors.iSakabuli: the Longtailed Widow, the breeding male has a long (up to 1 foot) black tail feathers. The feathers were often tied to porcupine quills and fixed inside the headband. Sometimes woven into a basketwork ball, umnyakanya, and worn at the front of the umqhele headband, denoting an unmarried ibutho.iNtshe: the ostrich, both black and white feathers used. White tail-feathers significantly longer (1. 5 feet) than the black body-feathers.iGwalagwala: Knysna Lourie and the Purple-crested Lourie, green to greenish black tail feather (eight inches long) and crimson/metallic purple feathers from wings (four inches). Bunches of these feathers were used for the headdresses of very high ranking warriors. iPhovela (plural: amaPhovela): headdress made of stiffened cow-skin, usually in the form of two horns. worn by unmarried regiments. Often decorated with feathers (see ophaphe).uPondo (plural: izimPondo): the horns, or wings, of the traditional Zulu attack formation.umQhele (plural: imiQhele): Zulu warriors headband. Made from a tube of fur padded out with dried bull-rushes or cow dung. Junior regiments would wear imiqhele made from leopard skin, senior regiments would have otter skin. Would also have amabheqe, ear-flaps made from the pelt of the Samango monkey, and isinene tails hanging from the back.isiQu (plural: iziQu): bravery necklace made from interlocking wooden beads, presented to the warrior by the king.iShoba (plural: amaShoba): tufted cow-tails, formed by flaying part of the hide with tail attached. Used for arm- and leg- fringes (imiShokobezi), and for necklaces.umShokobezi (plural: imiShokobezi): cow-tail decorations worn on the arms and/or legs.amaSi (plural only): curd led milk, staple diet of the Zulu. umThakathi (plural: abaThakathi): wizard, sorcerer, or witch.umuTsha (plural: imiTsha): loincloth, basic Zulu outfit, worn over the umncedo. Consists of a thin belt made of cow hide with ibeshu, a soft calf-skin flap over the buttocks, and isinene, twisted strips of either civet, Samango monkey or genet fur hanging as tails in front of the genitals.uTshwala: thick, creamy sorghum beer, rich in nutrients.umuVa (plural: imiVa): Zulu army reserves.iViyo (plural: amaViyo): a company-sized group of Zulu warriors, usually between 50 and 200 men. Would be commanded by a junior level induna.iWisa (plural: amaWisa): knobkerrie, a knob-headed stick or war club used to bash out the brains of a foe.umuZi (plural: imiZi): a family-based village or homestead, also the people who live there.

Groupon Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Groupon Inc - Research Paper Example It has resulted into numerous restatements of financial statements. Any material weakness means internal controls were ineffective and not able to detect misstatements or irregularities. This weakness was cited by the accounting firm as the cause of its revised earnings and revenues. An audit exception like that cited by Ernst & Young regarding the refund policy of the Groupon company is the cause of the inaccuracies in its financial statements. It is considered as a â€Å"material weakness† because the weakness is big enough or serious enough to impact the overall accuracy of the audited financial statements prepared by Ernst & Young. This particular ruling is contained under Auditing Standard No. 5 which states the requirements to be met by a firm to assess its managements effectiveness in instituting internal controls with regards to the financial reporting integrated with an audit of its financial statements.2 The crucial issue therefore causing the material weakness is the inability of Groupon to accurately predict the approximate amount of refunds it will give to customers who did not avail of promos based on varying coupon prices. It is a serious issue that impacts earning per share resulting in the stock price sliding 7% in a day. A monetary unit sampling (MUS) is a very useful method used by auditors to determine if a particular financial account is fairly stated.3 In the case of Groupon, the auditors must have a feeling its refund account is not stated accurately enough. The executives at Groupon admitted its difficulty with regards to estimating accurately the amount of refunds it will have to pay out due to the refund behavior of customers which started to shift or change around the year 2011 as a result of the company introducing higher-priced deals. This change in its mix of product deals means a requirement for increases in its reserve fund to deal with the higher-priced deals being unavailed and returned by some

Econometrics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Econometrics - Assignment Example It therefore demonstrated beyond any reasonable doubt that the availability of married females in the work place was directly proportional to the size of their families. This could be explained by the competition for time brought about by the existence of families, Such that the woman had to make a choice between taking care of the family and coming to work. Question B The estimated logit model had a lot of resemblance to the LMP in terms of statistical significance and estimated coefficients. The few deviation (variations) were identified in cases where the females involved had some sought of secondary education. Weather this was as a result of better time management skills learnt in school or not is a subject of debate which can be investigated further but what is certainly true is that the level of education had an impact on the availability of married females at the work place. Question C An increase in a married female’s education had a substantial impact on the estimated logit model. The deviation from the logit model caused by an increase in female’s education was up to a maximum of three and a minimum of one. This was very evident from the resultant patterns plotted by the graphs. This confirmed the previous hypothesis that the level of education of a married female had a significant impact on their availability in the work place. The amount of money earned by other family members in the family was found to have a marginal impact on the logit model but the impact was not of statistical significance. It therefore appeared as though the amount of time the women put in to their work did not depend on the availability or increase of other sources of income brought into the family by other members of the family. Regression Model 2, Question D The Tobit model was to investigate weather the various variables had an impact on the amount time married women spent at work. The main variable to be investigated here was the size of the families that th ese females were responsible over. The model and the associated variable focuses on the availability of married females in the labor force, it was expected that their level of availability would be dependant on the size of their families indicated by the number of children they had. Such that, the more the children, the bigger the family thus less participation at the work place. On the logit model, the inlf coefficient was therefore expected to be inversely proportional to the kid_s and kid_m coefficients. The expected signs were realized and they were of statistical significance. The coefficients demonstrated the effect of large families on the amount of hours married females spent at work. It was noted that women with relatively smaller families spent more time at work than those with larger families. Question E There was statistically significant difference in the estimated coefficients between the Tobit and the OLS estimations which were very much expected. The differences were evident I both the signs they plotted and the magnitude of those signs. This led to the confirmation of the previously stated hypotheses namely, that is increased education and reduced families enhanced the availability of married females at work. The other hypothesis was that increase in alternative incomes by other family members had a negative impact on the availabili

Free Hamlet Essays: No Tragic Flaw in Hamlet :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

No Tragic Flaw in Hamlet It was my observation after reading Hamlet, that the play and its main character are not typical examples of tragedy and contain a questionable "tragic flaw" in the tragic hero. I chose this topic because Hamlet is a tragedy, but one that is very different from classical tragedies such as Medea. I also found quite a lot of controversial debate over the play and its leading character. While reading through my notes, I found that, according to Aristotle, "the tragic hero will most effectively evoke both our pity and terror if he is neither thoroughly good nor evil but a mixture of both; and also that the tragic effect will be stronger if the hero is better than we are in the sense that he is of higher than ordinary moral worth. Such a man is exhibited as suffering a change in fortune from happiness to misery because of a mistaken act, to which he is led by his hamartia ("error of judgment") or his tragic flaw." It is important that this be clear, because I plan to demonstrate how Shake speare makes Hamlet an atypical tragedy to begin with, and how controversial an issue Hamlet's tragic flaw is. Shakespeare's Hamlet is an atypical play to begin with, because the play's format doesn't conform to traditional Aristotelian concepts of the 3 unities. Shakespeare does not conform to unity of time, place, or action. Hamlet contains a "play within a play," sub-plots, and its action is not set in one day, but several. According to Aristotle, the play should be one day long. There are also a number of comedic moments. Humor, as Aristotle would have it, would reduce the impact of tragedy. Unlike Medea and Oedipus, which contain virtually no humor whatsoever, the play Hamlet has several comedic moments. The last difference I could find is the stature of the character. In the older plays such as Oedipus, the heroes are primarily kings. Hamlet on the other hand is a prince; his stature is starting out smaller than normal. While reading Hamlet, I came to the conclusion that even though this is a tragedy, the hero's supposed flaw is not like those in classical tragedies. To the best of my knowledge, the flaw that I could pick out that best fit Hamlet was sloth . . . as well as the critics themselves.

Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique

Joseph Lister's Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique Kundhavaidevi BalamuruganAH 9 Block 13-3-2018 It was October 26, 1877, in King's College and a boy had fractured his patella, also known as a kneecap. A few decades ago doctors would have deemed his case of hopeless, advising him to amputate. It was 1877 though– the height of surgical advancements!– and there was an alternative option– wiring his patella was proposed. Wiring his patella required converting a simple fracture into a compound fracture deliberately, which was often associated with infection and even death (Cartwright, 2017). The procedure itself was deemed preposterous by the public and other medical professionals, receiving harsh criticism. The boy would surely die of infection. His doctor, however, remained confident in his procedure. The doctor had invented antiseptic technique, which would prevent contamination of the surgical equipment and infection of the wound. He used carbolic acid to create antiseptic conditions to perform the surgery. The conditions made the surgery was a success! The surgeon to perform this controversial surgery was Joseph Lister, an innovative and influential surgeon. His creation of antiseptic treatment, based off of germ theory, was the most influential innovation in surgical history. It had revolutionized surgery, allowing complex surgeries to be performed, lowering mortality rates and increasing the safety of procedures.Joseph Lister, Baron Lister of Lyme Regis was born on April 5, 1827, in Upton, Essex, England. He was the son of Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabelle Harris. Both his father and his mother took an active part in his education, teaching him how to use a microscope (Mental Floss, 2017). He received formal schooling in two Quaker schools which further emphasized science and natural history. By age 16, Joseph Lister decided he wanted to pursue a career in the medical field, specifically to become a surgeon. He attended the University College in London and became House Surgeon at University College Hospital in 1856, after receiving a Bachelor of Honors in Medicine in October 1852. He got his fellowship in Royal College of Surgeons and studied under James Syme, a renowned surgeon in Edinburgh. He later became Syme's son-in-law after marrying his daughter, Agnes Syme. On their honeymoon, Lister and his wife visited French and German institutes that inspired Agnes Lister to become Joseph Lister's laboratory assistant. In Lister's early years as a surgeon, he researched inflammation, which was considered a specific disease at the time. He studied the microscopic healing of wounds, specifically the â€Å"mechanism of coagulation of blood and blood vessels during the first stages of inflammation† (Cartwright, 2017). This served as a background to his work in wound dressing and his development of antiseptic treatment.He worked as a dresser for Sir Erichsen, a physician that believed that wounds become infected due to bad air. The miasma theory, which was popular at the time, claimed that concentrated bad air can infect the wound. At the time, miasma was thought to be the cause of spread of disease and infection. The origins of the miasma theory can be traced back to ancient China and Europe. Miasma is comparable to smoke, mist, or fog: air can carry miasma. Air carrying miasma was considered contaminated. The cause of miasma varied– some believed it was from moisture and heat while others thought it originated from rotting organic matter like dead insects. Early in his career, he had not believed in miasma. In dressing the wounds, Lister had realized that when wounds were cleaned, some had healed. He reasoned that if some wounds could be healed, it was highly unlikely that the â€Å"bad air† was the cause of disease and infection.Lister's first major surgery was on a woman named Julia Sullivan. Her drunk husband had stabbed her abdomen on a night out and her intestines were exposed. The injury had caused her to pass out. Joseph Lister was the only one present at the facility due to the odd hours (it was early in the morning). At this point of his career, he became house surgeon to Sir Erichsen when Lister's predecessor stepped down. He had only been in this position for a month when this incident occurred. He cleaned the wound with warm water, extended the cut on the abdomen, sutured the intestines, then sutured the abdomen with a single thread as opposed to multiple threads (Richardson ; Rhodes, 2013). This surgery was controversial at the time but it was effective. This manner of surgery is consistent throughout his career: unconventional, controversial, yet effective.He was appointed Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow at the age of 33, in August 1861. Though he was a professor, he did not attain Glasgow Royal Infirmary privileges until a year later, his request initially denied. He became in charge of the Male Accident Ward, a new surgical block at the infirmary(Pitt ; Aubin, 2012).Many patients in the Male Accident Ward suffered compound fractures, which was commonly treated with amputation. Lister observed that 45 to 50 percent of amputation patients died from sepsis between 1861 and 1865. Later he read Louis Pasteur's paper on the germ theory, a theory that stated microorganisms cause infection, as opposed to bad air as proposed by the miasma theory that was popular at the time. Lister hypothesized that the â€Å"same process that caused fermentation was also involved in wound sepsis†. He postulated that sepsis was caused by â€Å"pollen-like dust† (Cartwright, 2017) . He believed the only mode of contamination was by air. To disinfect wounds, he applied carbolic acid, which was commonly used to disinfect sewage at the time. He sprayed carbolic acid in the air, onto the equipment, and onto the wound to disinfect and prevent infection or contamination. He used this method on the patients of his ward for several years. The results of his technique was positive. Using phenol as an antiseptic reduced the mortality rate of the Male Accident Ward to 15 percent in 4 years.His practice was very different than of his peers. Others in the medical field did not wash bed linens and lab coats, using the same equipment for patients.They had believed that infection and contamination were caused by â€Å"bad air†, as the miasma theory entailed, and hence did not see the reason for sterile equipment and techniques. As a result, when he published two papers on antiseptic technique on the Lancet in March and July 1967, his colleagues criticized his methods. The source of doubt was because the microorganisms were not visible to the naked eye. If they were not visible, they did not exist. His work was misunderstood and his colleagues demanded proof of his technique being effective (Cartwright, 2017). He altered the administration of the carbolic acid, spraying it now with a machine he called a donkey engine. The donkey engine increased the efficiency of the application of carbolic acid. He increasingly used this method on surgeries and the results were positive. Patients approved of his methods. Germany, the United States, and eventually Great Britain accepted and adopted his approach to antiseptic technique. In 1871, he operated on Queen Victoria, who had a large abscess on her armpit. Lister lanced the abscess with a sharp tool, drained the pus, dressed the wound, and treated it with carbolic acid (Fulton, 2017). The Queen approved of Lister's methods involving carbolic acid. This nod of approval from the Queen of the United Kingdom encouraged his peers in the medical field to accept antiseptic technique. Though his technique was not accepted during a majority of his lifetime, antiseptic treatment revolutionized surgical procedures. Infection and contamination of the wounds were less common. Surgery was no longer dangerous, lowering mortality rates and increasing success rates. It is quite a feat to dispute a widely popular medical theory and to continue practicing though his colleagues ridiculed his technique. He was creative, too, using phenol, a carbolic acid used to disinfect sewage, to dress wounds. His work revolutionized medicine, a field that is slow to change. His work in antiseptic technique inspired the brand Listerine to name themselves after Joseph Lister. Though his techniques are no longer used, it served as the gateway to developing better antiseptic and aseptic techniques. His ideas and approach to antiseptic technique influence our culture and our behavior from our cleansing our mouths with mouthwash in the morning to disinfecting our clothing to using Bactine to disinfect cuts and minor open wounds. His ability to be nonconformist to popular belief and create antiseptic technique was the most innovative occurrence of the 20th century.10 Intriguing Facts About Joseph Lister. (2017, September  12). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://mentalfloss.com/article/503311/10-intriguing-facts-about-joseph-listerCartwright, F. F. (2017, November 16). Joseph Lister. Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Lister-Baron-Lister-of-Lyme-RegisFulton, A. (2017, October 13). ‘The Butchering Art': How A 19th Century Physician Made Surgery Safer. Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/13/557367840/the-butchering-art-how-a-19th-century-physician-made-surgery-saferPitt, D., ; Aubin, J. (2012, October). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468637/Richardson, R., ; Rhodes, B. (2013, December 20). Retrieved March 1, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3826195/Science Museum. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/josephlister Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique Joseph Lister's Revolutionary Antiseptic Technique Kundhavaidevi Balamurugan AH 9 Block 13-3-2018 It was October 26, 1877 in King's College and a boy had fractured his patella, or kneecap. A few decades ago doctors would have deemed his case of hopeless, advising him to amputate. But it was 1877– the height of surgical advancements!– and there was an alternative option– wiring his patella was proposed. Wiring his patella entailed a deliberate conversion of a simple fracture into a compound fracture, which were often associated with infection and even death. The procedure itself was deemed preposterous by the public and other medical professionals, receiving harsh criticism. The boy would surely die of infection. But his doctor remained confident in his procedure. The doctor had invented antiseptic technique, which would prevent contamination of the surgical equipment and infection of the wound. He used carbolic acid to create antiseptic conditions to perform the surgery. The conditions made the surgery was a success! The surgeon to perform this controversial surgery was Joseph Lister, an innovative and influential surgeon. His creation of antiseptic treatment, based off of germ theory, was the influential innovation surgical history. It had revolutionized surgery, allowing complex surgeries to be performed, lowering mortality rates and increasing the safety of procedures. Joseph Lister, Baron Lister of Lyme Regis was born on April 5, 1827 in Upton, Essex, England. He was the son of Joseph Jackson Lister and Isabelle Harris. Both his father and his mother took an active part in his education, teaching him natural history and how to use a microscope. He received formal schooling in two Quaker schools which emphasized science and natural history. By age 16, Joseph Lister decided he wanted to pursue a career in the medical field-specifically to become a surgeon. He attended the University College in London and became House Surgeon at University College Hospital in 1856, after receiving a Bachelor of Honors with Medicine in October 1852. He got his fellowship in Royal College of Surgeons and studied under James Syme, a renowned surgeon in Edinburgh. He later becomes Syme's son-in-law after marrying his daughter, Agnes Syme.In his early years as a surgeon, he researched inflammation, which was considered a specific disease at the time. He studied the microscopic healing of wounds, specifically the mechanism of coagulation of blood and blood vessels during the first stages of inflammation. This served as a background to his work in wound dressing and his development of antiseptic treatment.He worked as a dresser for Sir Erichsen, a physician that believed that wounds become infected due to bad air. The miasma theory claimed that concentrated bad air can infect the wound. But in dressing the wounds, he had realized that when wounds were cleaned, some had healed. Early in his career he had not believed in miasma, a popular theory of the time in the medical field.He was appointed Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow at the age of 33, in August 1861. Though he was a professor, he did not attain Glasgow Royal Infirmary privileges till a year later, his request initially denied. He became in charge of the Male Accident Ward, a new surgical block.Many patients in the Male Accident Ward suffered compound fractures, which was commonly treated with amputation. Lister observed that 45 to 50 percent of amputation patients died from sepsis between 1861 and 1865. Later he read Louis Pasteur's paper on germ theory, a theory that stated microorganisms cause infection. Lister hypothesized that the same process that caused fermentation was also involved in wound sepsis. He postulated that sepsis was caused by pollen-like dust. He believed the only mode of contamination was by air. To disinfect wounds, he applied carbolic acid, which was commonly used to disinfect sewage at the time. He sprayed carbolic acid in the air, onto the equipment, and onto the wound to disinfect and prevent infection or contamination. He used this method on the the patients of his ward for several years. Using phenol as an antiseptic reduced the mortality rate of the Male Accident Ward to 15 percent in 4 years.His practice was very different than of his peers. Others in the medical field did not wash bed linens and lab coats, using the same equipment for patients.They had believed that infection and contamination was caused by â€Å"bad air, as the miasma theory entailed, and hence did not see the reason for sterile equipment and techniques. As a result when he published two papers on antiseptic technique on the Lancet in March and July 1967, his colleagues criticized his methods. The source of doubt was because the microorganisms were not visible to the naked eye, and hence did not exist. His work was misunderstood and his colleagues demanded proof. He altered the administration of the carbolic acid, spraying it now with a machine he called a donkey engine. The donkey engine increased efficiency of the application of carbolic acid. He increasingly used this method on surgeries and the results were positive. Patients approved of his methods. Germany, the United States, and eventually Great Britain accepted and adopted his approach to antiseptic technique. In 1871, he operated on Queen Victoria, who had a large abscess on her armpit. Lister lanced the abscess with a sharp tool, drained the pus, dressed the wound, and treated it with carbolic acid. The queen approved of Lister's methods involving carbolic acid. This nod of approval from the queen of the United Kingdom encouraged his peers in the medical field to accept antiseptic technique. Though his technique was not accepted during a majority of his lifetime, antiseptic treatment revolutionized surgical procedures. Infection and contamination of the wounds was less common. Surgery was no longer dangerous, lowering mortality rates and increasing success rates. It is quite a feat to dispute a widely popular medical theory and to continue practicing though his colleagues ridiculed his technique. He was creative, too, using phenol, a carbolic acid used to disinfect sewage, to dress wounds. His work revolutionized medicine, a field that is slow to change. Though his techniques are no longer used, it served as the gateway to develop better antiseptic and aseptic techniques. His ability to be nonconformist to popular belief and create antiseptic technique was the most innovative occurence of the 20th century.10 Intriguing Facts About Joseph Lister. (2017, September 12).RetrievedMarch 01, 2018, from http://mentalfloss.com/article/503311/10-intriguing-facts-about-joseph-listerScience Museum. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/josephlisterPitt, D., ; Aubin, J. (2012, October). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3468637/Cartwright, F. F. (2017, November 16). Joseph Lister.Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.britannica. com/biography/Joseph-Lister-Baron-Lister-of-Lyme-RegisFulton, A. (2017, October 13). ‘The Butchering Art': How A 19th Century Physician Made Surgery Safer. Retrieved March 01, 2018, from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/13/557367840/the-butchering-art-how-a-19th-century-physician-made-surgery-safer

Inspiring Birthday Messages and Quotes

The birthday messages you write reflect your attitude towards life. Do you like to look at life as a big picture? Or do you enjoy each individual moment? Here are some wonderful birthday messages. Share them with your special friends and loved ones. Touch hearts and help people know you better. Sammy HagarEvery year on your birthday, you get a chance to start new.Steven WrightFor my birthday I got a humidifier and a de-humidifier. I put them in the same room and let them fight it out.George HarrisonAll the world is birthday cake, so take a piece, but not too much.Paris HiltonThe way I see it, you should live everyday like its your birthday.Ralph ParletteReal birthdays are not annual affairs. Real birthdays are the days when we have a new birth.Reverend Larry LorenzoniBirthdays are good for you. Statistics show that the people who have the most live the longest.T S EliotThe years between fifty and seventy are the hardest. You are always being asked to do things, and yet you are not decrepit enough to turn them down.Helen HayesEvery human being on this earth is born with a tragedy, and it isnt original sin. Hes born with the tragedy that he has to grow up. A lot of people dont have the courage to do it.Christine RossettiMy heart is like a singing birdBecause the birthday of m y lifeIs come, my love is come to me.David EverettYoud scarce expect one of my ageTo speak in public on the stage,And if I chance to fall belowDemosthenes or Cicero,Dont view me with a critics eye,But pass my imperfections by.Large streams from little fountains flow,Tall oaks from little acorns grow.Virginia WoolfOne of the signs of passing youth is the birth of a sense of fellowship with other human beings as we take our place among them.Henry Wadsworth LongfellowYouth comes but once in a lifetime.Friedrich Von SchillerKeep true to the dream of thy youth.Albert SchweitezerIt is through the idealism of youth that man catches sight of truth, and in that idealism he possesses a wealth, which he must never exchange for anything else.